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Immunology test D-O

Available tests
Assay Sample Type (Bottle) Reference range Clinical indications Limitations/interferences Technical
information
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
Assay dsDNA
antibodies
Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range 0-10.0 iu/ml Clinical indications Follow-up test only to positive ANA FEIA (ELISA).  Antibodies to native dsDNA are
characteristic of the autoimmune disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
There is a body of evidence which suggests that circulating DNA/anti-DNA
immune complexes play a role in the pathogenesis of SLE (particularly renal
disease). In general, native DNA antibodies are not found in other rheumatic
diseases, but if present, their titre is usually lower than those in SLE
patients. They may be seen in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis (AICAH) and
in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with sulphasalazine. [2] In some cases,
an increase in dsDNA antibody levels will precede SLE reactivation. The
presence of dsDNA antibodies may precede the onset of SLE clinical symptoms
by several weeks and may also indicate remission or control of SLE. First
positive result for dsDNA antibody will be confirmed by Crithidia Luciliae
IIF which is more specific but less sensitive assay.
Limitations/interferences ANA Screen
positives are followed up with dsDNA antibodies and ENA screening
Technical
information
Turnaround time:
5days/7 days    Type of investigations: FEIA/IFA
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
The presence of
autoantibodies to double stranded DNA is strongly suggestive of SLE, although
they are detected in only 40-60% of patients with this disease.   dsDNA
ab by ELISA  sensitivity = 60%  specificity = 93%  dsDNA ab by Crithidia  sensitivity = 30%  specificity = 99%
Assay ENA Screen Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range 0-0.9 ratio units Clinical indications Follow-up test only to positive ANA FEIA (ELISA). Limitations/interferences ANA Screen
positives are followed up with dsDNA antibodies ENA screening
Technical
information
Turnaround time:
5 days    Type of investigations:  FEIA
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
Assay ENA Profile Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range 0 – 7 u/ml (all
except UiRNP)
 
 
 
 
 
 
U1TNP
0 – 5 u/ml
Clinical indications Sm:  Specific for SLE but found
in only 20-30% of SLE patients with a higher incidence in non-Caucasians,
especially those of Afro-Caribbean descent. There is no correlation with
disease activity.
U1RNP:  A high titre positive
result of U1RNP in the absence of other autoantibodies is diagnostic for
mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) but these antibodies are also found in
low titres in about 25% of SLE patients.
RNP70:  is a protein within the
U1RNP complex. There are also two other proteins in U1RNP. These are, RNP A
and RNP C. Antibodies to RNP70 are more specific for mixed connective tissue
disease (MCTD) being found in only about 12% of patients with SLE.
Ro or SS-A: The Ro (SS-A) antigen also occurs in the cell cytoplasm and
very rarely a serum may be positive for Ro antibodies even in the absence of
an ANA. These antibodies can cause congenital heart block and is recommended
that all female patients suspected of SLE or Sjögren’s syndrome are screened
for anti-SS-A (Ro) antibodies especially if they are considering pregnancy.
These antibodies are associated with Sjögren’s syndrome (up to 75% in primary
Sjögren’s), SICCA syndrome, and in many cases of Sjögren’s syndrome secondary
to a variety of other autoimmune diseases. They are also found in variants of
SLE including sub-acute cutaneous lupus and neonatal lupus with congenital
heart block and also in SLE resulting from homozygous C2 or C4 deficiency.
La or SS-B: Usually found with anti Ro in both primary and secondary
Sjögren’s syndrome and SLE. Sjögren’s patients with anti-La are likely to
have more extra-glandular disease. Ro and La antibodies are often found
together. La is a phosphoprotein and Ro a ribonucleoprotein and both can bind
to the same molecule of a transfer RNA. SLE patients positive for Ro & La
are likely to have lower DNA antibody titres and less renal disease.
Jo- 1: (antibodies to aminoacyl-tRNA histidyl synthetase) Associated
with inflammatory muscle disease, especially polymyositis (also called
anti-synthetase syndrome). Patients with anti-synthetase syndrome have a
characteristic clinical picture comprised of myositis and/or interstitial
lung disease and/or chronic arthritis. Raynaud’s phenomenon is frequently
observed in this condition.
Scl-70: (antibodies to Topoisomerase-I an enzyme catalysing the
breaking and re-joining of ssDNA) Found in 20-40% of patients with systemic
sclerosis, it is associated with facial skin, kidney and heart involvement,
ischaemic fingertip ulcers and pulmonary fibrosis.
Centromere: antibodies are associated with limited cutaneous systemic
sclerosis (CREST syndrome: Calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, Oesphageal
immobility, Sclerodactyly and Telangectasia). 
They can also be found in ~10% of patients with primary biliary
cirrhosis who may or may not have features of scleroderma, and primary
Raynaud’s.
Limitations/interferences ENA screen
positives are followed up and typed for these individual ENA(Extractable
nuclear antigens),and other 
ANA/cytoplasmic specificities
Technical
information
Turnaround time:
5 days    Type of investigations: FEIA
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
Refer to ANA for
individual sensitivities
Assay Sample Type (Bottle) Reference range Clinical indications Limitations/interferences Technical
information
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
Assay ENA – others Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range N/A Clinical indications PM-Scl: (antibodies to Pm/Scl proteins which function as
exoriboncucleases during RNA Processing) Found almost exclusively in patients
with idiopathic myositis (including overlap syndromes) or more rarely
systemic sclerosis. Cardiac and renal involvement in these patients is very
rare, so the prognosis is therefore relatively good.  Fibrillarin: (fibrillarin is a 34 Kda
protein and is the major component of the nucleolar U3-RNP complex, which is
involved in pre-r RNA processing) The antibody is found in about 8% of
systemic sclerosis patients overall, in 5% of those with diffuse disease and
in 10% of those with limited forms. It is a prognostic marker for small
intestine and skeletal muscle involvement, as well as pulmonary hypertension.  RNA Polymerase III: (antibodies to RNA
polymerase III are directed against 2 proteins (111A of 150Kda and 111B of
138 kDa) located in the nucleoplasm. RNAPs are responsible for the
transcription of genes that code for precursor molecules of r RNA. The
antibody is found in about 12-20 % of patients with systemic sclerosis, and
is thought to be highly specific. They are associated with diffuse or
extensive skin manifestations.  Mi-2
(antibodies are thought to be directed against a 235-240 Kda antigen within a
macromolecular nuclear complex) The antibody is found in 15-30% of patients
with adult dermatomyositis, and in 10-15 % of juvenile dermatomyositis. They
are rarely found in patients with polymyositis and are therefore highly
specific for dermatomyositis.(~ 95%) In comparison to patients with
aminoacyl-t RNA Synthetase antibodies (i.e. Jo-1), those with Mi-2 antibodies
generally have a milder clinical course, rarely exhibit synovitis, lung
manifestations or Raynauds phenomenon.  
Ribosomal P (antibodies are mainly directed against the c- terminal
region of the phosphoproteins P0 (38kda), P1 (19Kda) and P2 (17 Kda) of the
60s subunit of the ribosomal complex) Ribosomal P antibodies are detected in
between 10 – 20% of patients with SLE, and rarely in other autoimmune
diseases. Although not confirmed by all studies Ribosomal P antibodies seem
to be associated with severe depression and other neuropsychiatric
manifestations of SLE. The antibody can also be seen in patients with
Scleroderma and may be a sign of scleroderma/SLE overlap  PCNA (antibodies against Proliferating Cell
Nuclear Antigen are directed against a 34kda auxiliary protein of DNA
polymerase ) PCNA antibodies are found in about 3-7% of SLE patients but are
not specific. In SLE, they are associated with renal involvement, CNS
manifestations and thrombocytopenia
Limitations/interferences These ENA
specificities may be detected by the ANA ELISA test but will be negative on the
standard ENA screen and profile follow up testing. In the appropriate
clinical and technical situations these autoantibodies will be confirmed or
otherwise by a combination of ANA Hep2 and immunoblotting.
Technical
information
Turnaround time:
14 days  Type of investigations:
IIF/Blot
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
N/A
Assay Endomysial
antibodies IgA and IgG
Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range N/A Clinical indications This test is used only as a confirmatory test for positive Tissue
Transglutaminase antibodies
Limitations/interferences Technical
information
Turnaround time:
7 days  Type of investigations: IIF
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
Specificity = 99%
Sensitivity = 95%
Assay Glutamic Acid
Decarboxylase antibodies
Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range 0-9 iu/ml Clinical indications Found in 60% of patients with Stiff man syndrome, usually associated
with high titer antibodies.  These
antibodies are also found in up to 80% of patients with recent onset Type 1
Diabetes Mellitus.  However these
antibodies reduce with disease duration. 
In the assessment of first degree relatives for autoimmune diabetes,
positive results in more than one of the marker antibodies (GAD, Islet cell,
IA-2 or insulin) can be associated with the onset of autoimmune diabetes.
Limitations/interferences The combination
of two or more autoantibodies gives a higher positive predictive value for
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus than any single autoantibody.
Technical
information
Turnaround time:
14 days  Type of investigations: ELISA
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
Assay Ganglioside
IgG and IgM GM1/GD1B/GQ1B antibodies
Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range N/A Clinical indications The test detects autoantibodies against gangliosides which are found in
patients with peripheral neuropathies including Guillain-Barré syndrome
(GBS), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), multifocal
motor neuropathy (MMN), sensory neuropathy and Miller-Fisher syndrome MFS; a
subtype of GBS) using both Immunoglobulin class IgG and IgM as separate test
strips containing GM1,GD1b and GQ1b.
Limitations/interferences Technical
information
Turnaround time:
21 days  Type of investigations:
Immunoblot
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
Antibodies
against the monosialoganglioside GM1 are associated with multifocal motor neuropathy
(MMN) with a prevalence of 40 to 70 %. These antibodies are in most cases of
class IgM. Furthermore elevated antibody titres of GM1 occur in patients with
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in 22-30% of cases. Antibodies against the
disialoganglioside GD1b have been described in rare cases of patients with sensory
neuropathy. Antibodies against tetrasialoganglioside GQ1b can be detected in
more than 90 % of patients with Fisher syndrome.
Assay Gastric
parietal cell **test also performed as part of liver Ab
screen
Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range N/A Clinical indications These antibodies have a strong association with pernicious anaemia and
autoimmune gastritis.  Low titres are
commonly found in normal elderly females. 
Positive results will automatically be referred for Intrinsic factor
antibodies which are more specific but less sensitive for pernicious
anaemia.  Antibodies can also be found
in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease and Sjogren's syndrome.
Limitations/interferences Sensitivity = up
to 90% for pernicious anaemia
Technical
information
Turnaround time:  5 days   Type of investigations:  IIF
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
Assay Glomerular
basement membrane antibodies (GBM)
Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range 0-7 iu/ml Clinical indications These antibodies are positive in Goodpasture's syndrome, which is a rapidly
progressive glomerulonephritis and can be associated with pulmonary
haemorrhage. The antibody levels can also be of value in monitoring response
to therapy of this disease. If the laboratory is contacted arrangements can
be made to carry out a test with results ready in 3 hours during the working
day. Screening for patients with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
and/or pulmonary haemorrhage (pulmonary-renal syndrome) should include
anti-GBM and ANCA testing
Limitations/interferences Patients can have
co-occurring PANCA with anti MPO antibodies, which is of uncertain clinical
significance.
Technical
information
Turnaround time:  2 days (urgent 3 hours)   Type of investigations: FEIA
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
Sensitivity = 94%
Specificity = 100%
Assay Haemophilus
Antibodies type B (HIB)
Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range 0.15µg/ml Minimal
protective and 1.0µg/ml optimal protective level.
Clinical indications This test measures antibodies to the HIB. It is used to assess the T
cell dependent antibody production pathway. This test is recommended for use
in the following clinical conditions: a) Patients, especially children, with
recurrent bacterial sepsis; particularly of the upper and lower respiratory
tract. b) Patients with invasive disease caused by encapsulated organisms. c)
Patients with selective antibody deficiency states. d) Immunological
reconstitution following Bone Marrow Transplant. f) Patients having
haemoglobinopathies or who are due to undergo or who have had a splenectomy
should have their levels of antibodies to encapsulated bacteria (i.e.
pneumoccocal & Hib) monitored.
Limitations/interferences Knowledge of
vaccine history is imperative for correct interpretation. Specific clinical
symptoms also advantageous. If a poor response if found, patients will be
required to be vaccinated and retested 4 week post. Specific interpretation
is given for each patient result
Technical
information
Turnaround time:
21 days   Type of investigations:
Luminex
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
N/A
Assay Histone and
associated Antibodies
Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range N/A Clinical indications This test is used for detection of antibodies against histones and
nucleosomes.   Histones are basic
proteins which bind to DNA within the nuclei of cells. Anti-histone
antibodies drug induced Lupus (DIL). Drugs implicated in DIL include
hydralazine, procainamide and isoniazid. 
Antibodies can be found in patients with SLE, lupus nephritis and
Rheumatoid arthritis. Anti-nucleosome are more sensitive than anti-dsDNA
antibodies to active SLE and active nephritis. Anti-nucleosome antibody
reactivity may be a useful marker in the diagnosis and assessment of active
SLE.
Limitations/interferences Anti-nucleosome
are more sensitive than anti-dsDNA antibodies to active SLE and active
nephritis. Anti-nucleosome antibody reactivity may be a useful marker in the
diagnosis and assessment of active SLE.
Technical
information
Turnaround time:
10 days   Type of investigations:
Immunoblot
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
N/A
Assay High
sensitivity CRP (hsCRP)
Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range 0-3 mg/L Clinical indications CRP measurement by high sensitivity methods can indicate the risk for
future cardiovascular and peripheral vascular disease. Elevated values may be
indicative of the prognosis of individuals with acute coronary syndromes or
stable coronary disease. High sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) measurement should not
be used as a substitute for assessment of traditional cardiovascular risk
factors [1]. Individuals with evidence of active infection, inflammation or
trauma should not be tested for cardiovascular disease risk assessment by
hsCRP measurement until these conditions have abated.
Limitations/interferences CRP measurement
by high sensitivity methods can indicate the risk for future cardiovascular
and peripheral vascular disease. Elevated values may be indicative of the
prognosis of individuals with acute coronary syndromes or stable coronary
disease. High sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) measurement should not be used as a
substitute for assessment of traditional cardiovascular risk factors [1].
Individuals with evidence of active infection, inflammation or trauma should
not be tested for cardiovascular disease risk assessment by hsCRP measurement
until these conditions have abated.
Technical
information
Turnaround time:  5 days   Type of investigations: Nephelometry
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
N/A
Assay Islet tyrosine
phosphatase 2 (IA2)  antibodies
Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range 0 – 10 iu/ml Clinical indications Autoantibodies to IA2 (IA2A), a member of the protein tyrosine
phosphatase family, are found in 50-75% of type 1 diabetic patients at and
prior to disease onset. They are generally more prevalent in younger onset
patients and are associated with rapid progression to disease onset.
Limitations/interferences Technical
information
Turnaround time:
14 days   Type of investigations: ELISA
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
The combination
of two or more autoantibodies gives a higher positive predictive value for
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus than any single autoantibody.
Assay Immunoglobulins
(IgG, IgA, IgM)
Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range Age and sex
related, refer to reports or table 1
Clinical indications The main indications for IgG, IgA and IgM quantification are in the
diagnosis, exclusion or monitoring of patients with immunodeficiency or B
cell gammopathies.  Low levels are
found in many primary immune deficiencies but more commonly found in adults
as a result of secondary immune deficiencies (e.g. lymphoproliferative
disorders, nephrotic syndrome or protein losing enteropathy).  Isolated IgA deficiency can be found in up
to 1/800 of the normal population, but may be clinically significant.
Polyclonally raised IgG can be a feature of chronic infections (notably HIV,
TB and trypanosomiasis), connective tissue disease or liver disease.
Polyclonally raised IgA is also found in late stage HIV infection but more
commonly associated with liver disease, especially alcoholic in origin. IgM
is raised in Primary biliary cirrhosis. Where appropriate samples will
automatically be referred for Serum electrophoresis for investigation of
monoclonal immunoglobulin presence.
Limitations/interferences Technical
information
Turnaround time:
1 day   Type of investigations:
Turbidimetry *Note – assay performed in Clinical Biochemistry
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
N/A
Assay IgG Subclasses Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range Clinical indications Adult Normal Range: IgG1: 3.20- 10.20g/l  IgG2: 1.20 - 6.60 g/l  IgG3:0.20-1.90g/l   IgG4:
0.00-1.30 g/l Age-matched reference ranges see table 2.
Limitations/interferences Technical
information
Turnaround time:  5 days   Type of investigations: Nephelometry
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
This test may be
of limited clinical value in investigating possible immune deficiency. This
test should be combined with measurement of functional antibodies, to fully
evaluate clinical significance of IgG subclass deficiency. Detection of
elevated serum IgG4 is useful for the diagnosis of the IgG4 related disease
spectrum, including autoimmune pancreatitis. IgG2 deficiency with elevated or
normal IgM and with poor functional antibody deficiency is a key feature of
the dominantly inherited combined immunodeficiency caused by an activating
mutation of gene encoding PI3 kinase delta subunit.
Assay IgE (total) Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range Age      reference               range ku/l 6 weeks        <2.3 3 months     < 4.1 6 months     < 7.3 9 months     < 10 12 month     < 13 2 years          < 23 3 years          < 32 4 years          < 40 5 years          <48 6 years          < 56 7 years          < 63 8 years          <71
9 years          <78 10 years        <85 >10                <114
Clinical indications The indication for measuring total IgE antibodies is limited. Elevated
specific IgE levels can occur in the presence of normal total IgE levels. The
test is useful in evaluating the presence of multiple highly positive
specific IgE antibodies and is essential for the diagnosis of Hyper IgE
syndrome (>1000Ku/L). Very high IgE levels can be seen in patients with
severe atopic dermatitis and in those with parasitic infection. Elevated
levels are included among diagnostic criteria for Allergic Broncho Pulmonary
Aspergillosis
Limitations/interferences Technical
information
Turnaround time:
3 days   Type of investigations:  FEIA
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
N/A
Assay Insulin IgG
antibodies
Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range 0 – 5 mg/l Clinical indications This test is used to discriminate between type I and type II Diabetes
Mellitus. The test should not be considered to be of diagnostic value in
itself. Results should not be used in isolation but used in conjunction with
the patient's symptoms, the patient's history and any other available data to
produce an overall diagnosis 5-10 mg/l equivocal and > 10 mg/l positive
Limitations/interferences This assay is not
able to distinguish between disease predictive autoantibodies and antibodies
to exogenous Insulin. Therefore patient history, symptoms, and current
prescriptions should be taken into account when interpreting results.
Technical
information
Turnaround time:
7 days   Type of investigations:  FEIA
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
N/A
Assay Intrinsic
factor antibodies
Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range 0-24 u/ml Clinical indications The combination of intrinsic factor antibody positivity and low vitamin
B12 is diagnostic of Pernicious Anaemia (PA). However, a negative test for
serum antibodies against intrinsic factor does not exclude pernicious
anaemia. This test is reflexed from a positive anti-GPC. This assay is more
specific but less sensitive for PA than anti-GPC.
Limitations/interferences Technical
information
Turnaround time:
10 days   Type of investigations: ELISA
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
Sensitivity for
pernicious anaemia = 60%
Assay Liver
Autoantibody screen
Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range N/A Clinical indications A variety of positive antibodies can be identified by this test. Smooth
Muscle antibodies (SMA) are present in up to 75% of patients with Autoimmune
Hepatitis type 1; however they can be found in other autoimmune diseases and
can be present at low titres with no clinical significance.
Anti-Mitochondrial Antibodies (AMA) of the M2 (pyruvate dehydrogenase) type
are strongly associated with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC). Positive AMA
will be confirmed by testing for antibodies to pyruvate dehydrogenase (BPO/MIT3
and M2-3E on liver autoantibody line blot). Liver Kidney Microsomal (LKM)
antibodies are an uncommon but specific marker for a severe subset of
patients with autoimmune hepatitis (formerly known as autoimmune chronic active
hepatitis) and some drug induced hepatitis. Also see Liver Autoantibody Blot.
Limitations/interferences ANA by
indirect Immunofluorescence HEp-2 cells is undertaken as part of this screen
for the purposes of testing for AMA negative PBC in which case few nuclear
dot and nuclear membrane pores patterns are detected. This will be follow up
by liver autoantibody line blot. Other positive ANAs will generally not be
followed up in this situation. For the investigation of suspected connective
tissue disease we recommend the use of the ANA ELISA test (see above)
Technical
information
Turnaround time:  5 days   Type of investigations:  IIF
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
A variety
of positive antibodies can be identified by this test.  Smooth Muscle antibodies (SMA) are present
in up to 75% of patients with Autoimmune Hepatitis type 1; however they can
be found in other autoimmune diseases and can be present at low titres with
no clinical significance. 
Anti-Mitochondrial Antibodies (AMA) of the M2 (pyruvate dehydrogenase)
type are strongly associated with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC). Positive
AMA will be confirmed by testing for antibodies to pyruvate dehydrogenase
(BPO/MIT3 and  M2-3E  on liver autoantibody line blot) . Liver
Kidney Microsomal(LKM) antibodies are an uncommon but specific marker for a
severe subset of patients with autoimmune hepatitis
Assay Liver Autoantibody
blot
Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range N/A Clinical indications This assay detects antibodies to AMA-M2 (M2-3E and BPO/MIT3 fusion
antigen), Sp100, PML, gp210, LKM-1, LC-1, SLA/LP, and Ro-52. M2, M2-3E
(BPO/MIT3), Sp100, PML and gp210 antibodies are all associated with primary
biliary cirrhosis and have high specificity for the disease. Anti LKM
antibodies are found in type 2 autoimmune hepatitis. This is a more
aggressive disease than type1. Liver Cytosolic type 1(LC-1) autoantibodies
are associated with autoimmune hepatitis, as are antibodies to Soluble liver
antigen/Liver pancreas(SLA/LP)
Limitations/interferences Only performed as
follow up to liver autoantibody screen or when there is a very high clinical
suspicion of autoimmune liver disease
Technical
information
Turnaround time:
10 days   Type of investigations:
Immunoblot
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
Sp100, PML and
gp210 are highly specific autoantibodies for PBC. They are usually found in
AMA negative patients. LKM-1 antibodies associated with autoimmune chronic
active hepatitis recognize P450 2D6, a cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase. The
frequent association of anti-LKM-1 antibodies and hepatitis C virus (HCV)
infections and the probable existence of an infectious and autoimmune form of
anti-LKM-1-associated hepatitis, requiring different therapeutical
strategies.
Assay Lymphocyte Phenotyping Sample Type (Bottle) EDTA. Reference range Age related,
refer to reports table 3
Clinical indications This test is indicated in known HIV patients for CD4 T cell monitoring,
investigation of patients with suspected immune deficiency, post biological
therapy  (i.e. rituximab and campath)
and some haematological malignancies (but please note for haematological
malignancy phenotype please refer to Haematology).
Limitations/interferences Fresh EDTA sample
must be analysed. Extended lymphocyte phenotype (TCR alpha/beta,gamma/delta
and HLA Class 1 and 2) and Freiburg B cell panel will be performed only with
compatible clinical information and/or discussion with Consultant
Immunologist
Technical
information
Turnaround time:
5 days   Type of investigations:  Flow cytometry
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
N/A
Assay Mast cell
tryptase
Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range 2-14 ng/l Clinical indications Mast cells release α and β tryptase upon activation.  Both types are detected in this assay.  This test is used for the investigation on
anaphylaxis and mastocytosis.  Specific
sample requirements must be adhered to as it is impossible to distinguish
between the two conditions on a single positive sample
Limitations/interferences For Anaphylaxis
investigations:  samples required at
immediate, 1-2hrs (or upto 4 hours) post reaction and after 24hrs (baseline
levels). Time should be stated on request. This is in line with NICE
guidelines for the investigation of suspected anaphylaxis during  general anaesthesia.  For mastocytosis one sample is required, if
positive a second should be provided for confirmation.
Technical
information
Turnaround time:  3 days   Type of investigations: FEIA
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
Sensitivity = 60%
Specificity = 90% Negative tryptase result does not exclude anaphylaxis.
Serial tryptase measurement increases sensitivity and specificity.
Assay MPO ANCA
antibodies
Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range 0-3.4 iu/ml Clinical indications Confirmatory test for the presence of anti-MPO antibodies in ANCA
positive samples.  High titre MPO with
P ANCA occurs in active microscopic polyangiitis (and its renal-limited
variant), Churg-Strauss syndrome, and sometimes Granulomatosis with
polyangiitis (GPA) (formally Wegener granulomatosis).  P-ANCA positive/MPO-ANCA negative (or weak
positive): This result may occur in treated, inactive, or relapsing
microscopic polyangiitis (and its renal-limited variant), GPA, and
Churg-Strauss syndrome.  This result
also is common in inflammatory bowel disease and other autoimmune diseases
where its clinical significance is unclear. It can also be found in
cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions, which presents similar to
GPA.  Patients with systemic vasculitis
in whom ANCA recur are more likely to relapse.
Limitations/interferences Technical
information
Turnaround time:
1 day urgent 4 hrs)   Type of
investigations: FEIA
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
International
multi-centre studies indicate that the presence of ANCA detected by both IIF
and ELISA (CANCA / PR3-ANCA & P-ANCA / MPOANCA) is very strongly linked
to the presence of small vessel vasculitis. Specificity = 58% MPA; 24% GPA
Assay Myositis Antibodies Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range N/A Clinical indications Mi-2,Ku,PM-Scl100,PM-Scl75,Jo-1,SRP,PL-7,PL-12,EJ,OJ,SS-A/Ro52kD are
myositis specific and/or associated antibodies which can be tested for by
immunoblotting if specifically requested on clinical grounds, or as a
follow-up investigation.
Mi2 antibodies: more frequently found in patients with dermatomyositis
than in patients with polymyositis. They are associated with better
prognosis.
Pm-Scl antibodies 100 and 75: found in patients with
polymyositis/scleroderma overlap syndrome and less frequently in the individual
diseases.
Jo-1 antibodies: anti-synthetase antibody present in 30% of adults with
polymyositis/dermatomyositis with risk of pulmonary involvement
Other anti synthetase antibodies (PL-7; Pl-12; EJ, OJ: Found in
patients with anti-synthetase syndrome (myositis, arthritis) and have high
risk of developing interstitial lung disease
Signal recognition particle (SRP) antibodies: are found in patients
with polymyositis and they do not occur with overlap syndromes. They are
usually associated with chronic progressive disease.
Ku antibodies: are found in polymyositis/scleroderma and in patients
with pulmonary hypertension, SLE and Sjogrens syndrome.
Ro52 antibodies: are the most common ENA specificity amongst autoimmune
diseases. They can be seen in Sjögren's syndrome, SLE, cutaneous lupus
erythematosus, neonatal lupus, primary biliary cirrhosis and some patients
with myositis.
Limitations/interferences This test will be
accompanied by a ANA HEp-2 which is essential for the interpretation of the
myositis autoantibody line blot assay
Technical
information
Turnaround time:
14 days   Type of investigations:
Immunoblot
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
N/A
Assay N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
Receptor Antibody (NMDA) Serum
Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range N/A Clinical indications In women younger than 45 years, a form of encephalitis associated with
ovarian teratoma and presenting with seizures and schizophrenia-like
psychiatric symptoms has been described. The condition has uncommonly been
described with other neoplasms. A few patients may not have detectable
tumors. Since the initial description this condition has been rarely
identified in males and children.                                                                                    
Most patients have antibodies to NR1/NR2 heteromers of the
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR).  
This test is useful in the differential diagnosis of encephalitis of
unknown origin with memory deficit, behavioral changes, movement disorders
and seizures. The test may be useful in diagnosis and monitoring treatment
responses.
Limitations/interferences This test may
only be requested on Serum for CSF please see refered tests below.  Test can be requested as urgent but MUST be
pre-arranged via the Immunology Consultant or the Immunology Duty Doctor.  Urgent service not offered on weekends.
Technical
information
Turnaround
time: 14 days  Type of investigations: IIF
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
N/A
Assay Oxidase
function  Phagocyte
Sample Type (Bottle) EDTA Reference range N/A Clinical indications Investigation of patients suspected to have Chronic Granulomatous
disease. Presentation usually in childhood with: 1) Deep seated infection
(liver, perirectal or lung abscess, adenitis, or osteomyelitis) due to
Staphylococcus, Serratia marcescens, candida or Aspergillus 2) Diffuse
granulomata in respiratory, gastrointestinal or urogenital-tracts 3) Failure
to thrive and hepatosplenomegaly or lymphadenopathy. 4) Invasive infection by
Burkholderia cepacea.
Limitations/interferences These tests can
only be performed after prior discussion with the Consultant Immunologist or
Immunology Clinical Scientist.
Technical
information
Turnaround time:  5 days   Type of investigations:  Flow cytometry
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
N/A
Assay Ovarian
Antibodies
Sample Type (Bottle) Serum. Reference range N/A Clinical indications These antibodies are found in 15-50% of patients with premature ovarian
failure under the age of 40 years. These antibodies react with steroid
producing cells and thus also stain the steroid producing Leydig cells of the
testis, the placenta and often also in the adrenal cortex. They are often
seen in Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome-1 (APS-1) where adrenal and ovarian
failure may co-exist. Up to 70% of women may have transient anti-ovarian
antibodies during IVF therapy. Patients with APS-1.have mutations in the
Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE) gene.
Limitations/interferences Technical
information
Turnaround time:
14 days   Type of investigations:  IIF
Clinical
sensitivity & specificity and/or Interpretation
N/A